Impact of Stroke Case Study

Effect of Stroke Case Study Presentation Jithra is presently 68 years old. Her family comprises of spouse, little girl, nephew and nephews wife. She has been living with left side hemiplegia brought about by stroke since she was 64. As this meeting went, Jithra was holding her girls hand and gradually expounded her assertion by word involvement with tears. Before a scene of stroke harmed the correct side of her cerebrum and put her in bed for a mind-blowing remainder, Jithra was carrying on with an existence of a solid individual. She expressed that destitution and obligation were the most significant elements that roused her to get up at 4:30 am on customary premise so as to get ready food and refreshment for her particular clients who generously bolstered her little café. A solid conviction that she didn't have any medical problem reinforced by the way that a yearly physical registration was so costly camouflaged Jithra from acknowledging that it was so fundamental to have her circulatory strain and blood glucose level r outinely observed when she matured. As since she spends her exercises of day by day living in bed, pressure sore has become the principle worry for both Jithra and her family. Despite the fact that Jithra doesn't grumble of irritation, redness on skin demonstrates that a few regions need consideration. This article will give a review comprehension of stroke and its negative impacts presented on Jithra. Moreover, this article will stress on the mediation and counteraction of weight ulcer inside and out. Get Stroke As per World Health Organization (2014), stroke happens when there is an interference of the blood gracefully to a piece of the cerebrum. Stroke can be isolated into two significant sorts. The primary kind is called haemorrhagic stroke. This kind of stroke represents roughly 13 percent all things considered (Brown Edward, 2012). It comes about because of seeping into the cerebrum tissue. The draining brought about by a break of veins brings about the spillage of blood into the mind impeding the conveyance of oxygen and supplements. Haemorrhagic stroke can be brought about by various disarranges influencing the veins. Some of which are long-standing hypertension and cerebral aneurysms, a dainty or shaky area on a vein divider. The shaky areas that cause aneurysms are generally present during childbirth. The improvement of aneurysms occurs over various years and don’t for the most part cause discernible issues until they break (Stroke Foundation, 2014). Jithra’s girl expr essed that Jithra whined of cerebral pain and sickness roughly 48 hours, particularly during times of action, before a scene of stroke happened. Cerebral pain especially recognizes haemorrhagic stroke from ischaemic stroke. Its different indications likewise incorporate queasiness, spewing, diminished degree of awareness, neurological shortages and hypertension (Brown Edward, 2012). The subsequent sort is called ischaemic stroke. It represents around 85 percent all things considered. As indicated by Brown and Edward (2012), this sort of stroke happens as the consequence of fractional or complete obstacle, brought about by a blood coagulation, of a vein that provisions blood to the mind. This prompts a lacking of oxygen gracefully and glucose required for cell digestion. A coagulation might be shaped by methods for embolism or apoplexy. The two kinds of thickening arrangements can be separated by their qualities. The term embolism according to stroke is portrayed by a condition where an embolus is made in one piece of the mind or the body, courses in the circulation system, and in the long run obstructs the progression of blood through a vessel in another piece of the cerebrum (Crosta, 2009). This is called embolic stroke. Then again, the term apoplexy is portrayed by the arrangement of a coagulation came about because of greasy stores or plaque hindering the sec tion of blood through the supply route. This sort of clump stays in a single territory of veins without being conveyed all through the circulatory system. This is called thrombotic stroke (Brown Edward, 2012). Stroke hazard factors There are various hazard factors partner with stroke as agreeing with (Brown Edward, 2012). The hazard elements can be grouped into non-modifiable hazard factors and modifiable hazard factors. Non-modifiable hazard factors incorporate age, sexual orientation, race and heredity. Modifiable hazard factors incorporate diabetes mellitus, coronary illness, atrial fibrillation, substantial liquor utilization, hypercoagulability, hyperlipidaemia, hypertension, stoutness, physical idleness, sickle cell infection and smoking. Jithra, at 68, was determined to have hypertension or hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Age, hypertension and diabetes mellitus have assumed a key job in commitment to stroke. ‘Stroke hazard increments with age, multiplying every decade after age 55 (Brown Edward, 2012, p. 1622).’ The pace of atherosclerotic advancement is generally expanded by the pressure of a continually raised pulse. The term atherosclerosis is alluded to as solidifying of the courses coming about because of the development of greasy stores or plaques. The narrowing of the veins is its result. The carotid vein in the neck is a typical site where these plaques create and will in general split away and cabin in the vessels of the mind (Sander, 2013). Moreover, diabetes mellitus builds inclination towards the brokenness of the internal linings of the vein dividers prompting an expansion in the propensity towards the improvement of plaques. Also, elevated cholesterol and triglyceride levels are almost certain among individuals with diabetes mellitus (Brown Edward, 2012, p. 863). Effect of Stroke As indicated by Brown and Edward (2012), stroke is a main source of genuine, long haul inability. Jithra has been living with left side loss of motion since she was 64 as an outcome of stroke. Stability and the shortcoming in Jithra’s right arm and leg are the key constraints. She depends significantly on her relatives when repositioning in bed is endeavored and a mix of self-care capacities and exercises of day by day living, for example, eating or drinking, are performed. Dysarthria, an unsettling influence in the solid control of discourse, is additionally experienced. Weakness may include elocution, enunciation and phonation. This aides clarifying why Jithra feels awkward speaking with outsiders. As the meeting went, an unexpected change in feeling was spotted. People who have had a stroke may experience issues controlling their feelings. Passionate reactions might be misrepresented or unusual (Brown Edward, 2012, p. 1628).The little girl said that Jithra now and then crie d with no explanation. The exchanging among chuckling and crying took just minutes to do as such. Other than pressure, shearing power, erosion and extreme dampness add to pressure ulcer arrangement (Maklebust Sieggreen, 2001). As referenced over that Jithra is bed-bound and significantly depends on her relatives when repositioning is endeavored, manual dealing with is utilized so as to lift and move her around the bed. In any case, the inaccurate methods joined with non-steady hardware, for example, sliding sheet, have put the upkeep of Jithra’s skin uprightness turns out to be considerably more troublesome. Weight Ulcer As per Sydney South West (2008, p. 4), pressure ulcers are characterized as â€Å"any injury brought about by unrelieved weight when delicate tissue is packed between a hard noticeable quality and an outer surface for a drawn out period.† Factors that impact the improvement of weight ulcers incorporate the force of the weight; the time span the weight is applied on the skin; and the capacity of the tissue to endure the remotely applied weight. Characteristic factors that put Jithra in danger in creating pressure ulcers comprise of cutting edge age, ailing health and diabetes mellitus. Outward factors incorporate weight, shear and dampness Sydney South West (2008). Intercession Despite the fact that the skin stays flawless, the presence of tireless redness, especially in sacrum, trailed by bothersome sensation demonstrates that stage one weight ulcer has just evolved. Stage one weight ulcer can be mediated as alluded to pressure ulcer intercession rules (Jones, 2013) by carefully keeping up the skin uprightness. This should be possible by calming the remotely applied weight, securing delicate skin and hard noticeable quality, forestalling grating and shearing and shielding skin from dampness. In soothing the remotely applied weight, a system of repositioning joined with the utilization of weight calming gadgets has just been used by Jithra’s little girl. Notwithstanding, it probably won't be sufficient as far as the recurrence. The recurrence of repositioning relies upon the capacity of the tissue to endure the remotely applied weight. For this situation, Jithra should move or be repositioned as often as possible enough in permitting blushed territory of influenced skin to recuperate from the impacts of weight. A turn clock might be a useful token of right body positions and fitting turning times. Also, a 30-degree side lying position likely could be used for Jithra as it occupies pressure from the sacrum. Keeping up a 30-degree side lying position should basically be possible by utilizing cushion or froth situating wedges. In any case, lying as an afterthought may expand pressure on furthest points, particularly knees and lower legs. Putting cushions between the l egs helps keeping restricting knees and lower legs from applying pressure on each other (Maklebust Sieggreen, 2001). In ensuring delicate skin and hard noticeable quality, a proper help surfaces will be utilized but then its expense must be mulled over. Neediness and obligation make it hard for Jithra to manage the cost of purchasing or leasing them. ‘Charges can go from $24 to buy a froth overlay to a day by day rental expense of $125 for a profoundly specialized treatment bed (Maklebust Sieggreen, 2001, p. 75).’ Regardless of the varieties in value, There is no logical proof that one help surface reliably works superior to any o

Transcendental themes Essay Example For Students

Supernatural subjects Essay The Dead Poets Society Is about a gathering of non-public school young men In the North East. They experience an educator, Mr.. Keating, whom is somewhat not the same as most instructors. He needed to ingrain the inspiration to look past what society was advising them to do as opposed to show the typical educational plan. He utilized Thoreau thoughts on introspective philosophy by demonstrating them to rise above or go past the principles that society presents and make their own autonomy. Mr.. Keating prevailing in his endeavors by instructing them to have an independent perspective, Transcendental topics. Chief Peter Weir represents that the film Dead Poets Society echoes Transcendentalist thoughts in content in that independence and independence must exceed outer power and visually impaired adjustment to custom or convention, instinct is better than conscious intellectualism and sanity and in structure through the possibility that one can discover truth and magnificence in nature. One of the shopping center Ideas of Transcendentalism Is that ones own sentiments ought to beat conscious similarity. Emerson composed worried that thought saying, Whoso would take care of business, must be a free thinker. Emerson firmly relates ones being with rebelliousness, consequently representing that one who conforms to societys wishes is to a lesser degree a man, or yet a genuine man by any stretch of the imagination, saying, Imitation is self destruction. He pronounces congruity Is equivalent to tossing ones own thoughts, Identity, and soul away, which Is the proportional to consummation ones life. Henry David Thoreau has convictions like Emerson on the subject of similarity, expressing, If a man doesn't stay up with his friends, maybe it is on the grounds that he hears an alternate drummer. We will compose a custom paper on Transcendental topics explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now Let him venture to the music which he hears, anyway estimated or distant. To hear an alternate drummer intimates to accept or act uniquely in contrast to the normal accord. Thoreau declares that it is OK to think or act in this extraordinary way, as theoretical from the normal as It might be. Dead Poets society relates the Idea of independence through Its substance. Mr.. Keating frantically needs the young men to hear something other than what's expected from what different grown-ups are letting them know by telling the understudies, Dont be lemmings, locate your own walk! what's more, Dont accommodate; make it for yourself. Mr.. Keating needs them to oppose the recognizable qualities and follow their hearts. The entirety of his exercises have the basic topical thought of non-similarity, which are the particular most Important parts of his training. On the main day of class Mr.. Keating convinces the youngsters to remain on their work areas. l remain upon my work area to advise you that we should continually take a gander at things in an alternate manner. Remaining on the work area represents independence, while each and every individual who simply sits in their work area is Just fitting in with the run of the mill desire. The situation encompassing Neal Perrys self destruction. After Mr.. Perry saw his great execution in A Midsummers Night Dream, he brings his child home and generally lets him know, Were making a decent attempt to comprehend why it is that you demand resisting s. Whatever the explanation, were not going to let you ruin your life. Tomorrow Im pulling back you from Walton and enlisting you in Braded Military School. Youre going to Harvard and youre going to be a specialist. This isn't Meals dream or wish; he needs to be an entertainer. After this experience, Neal ends it all. Neal shows that he needs more out of life than what his family was compelling him to do, yet the battle with congruity was unreasonably incredible for him. In Meals circumstance impersonation is actually self destruction. While Neal is the free soul who decides to look further than anticipated, Mr.. Perry, whom Neal was battling, is the embodiment of congruity. Mr.. Perry perfectly puts his shoes in a similar recognize each night. His activity affirms the pointless structure of similarity. He does this since it is the best possible and right way and he couldn't care less to challenge it. Visionaries not just accept that it is important to investigate ones heart to locate an individual calling, yet they likewise accept that singular knowledge is better than demonstrated idea. .u9eca2461189c4cf6de5c93ea6f60e52d , .u9eca2461189c4cf6de5c93ea6f60e52d .postImageUrl , .u9eca2461189c4cf6de5c93ea6f60e52d .focused content zone { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u9eca2461189c4cf6de5c93ea6f60e52d , .u9eca2461189c4cf6de5c93ea6f60e52d:hover , .u9eca2461189c4cf6de5c93ea6f60e52d:visited , .u9eca2461189c4cf6de5c93ea6f60e52d:active { border:0!important; } .u9eca2461189c4cf6de5c93ea6f60e52d .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u9eca2461189c4cf6de5c93ea6f60e52d { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; obscurity: 1; change: murkiness 250ms; webkit-change: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u9eca2461189c4cf6de5c93ea6f60e52d:active , .u9eca2461189c4cf6de5c93ea6f60e52d:hover { darkness: 1; change: mistiness 250ms; webkit-progress: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u9eca2461189c4cf6de5c93ea6f60e52d .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u9eca2461189c4cf6de5c93ea6f60e52d .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content beautification: underline; } .u9eca2461189c4cf6de5c93ea6f60e52d .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u9eca2461189c4cf6de5c93ea6f60e52d .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: strong; line-stature: 26px; moz-outskirt sweep: 3px; content adjust: focus; content enhancement: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9eca2461189c4cf6de5c93ea6f60e52d:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u9eca2461189 c4cf6de5c93ea6f60e52d .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u9eca2461189c4cf6de5c93ea6f60e52d-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u9eca2461189c4cf6de5c93ea6f60e52d:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Work 18, Will I Compare Thee EssayEmerson takes the belief system and places it into striking verse articulating, No law can be consecrated to me yet that of my temperament. The understudies instructor, Mr.. Keating, accepts that instinct is unapproachable contrasted with intellectualism, and he attempts to impart his insight to his understudies. After Mr.. Keating asks Neal to peruse an exposition by Mr.. J. Evans Pritchard that illuminates how to review the significance regarding verse on a x, y hub, Mr.. Keating Jumps out of his seat and shouts, Armies of scholastics going ahead, estimating verse. No, we won't have that her e. Nothing else of Mr.. J. Evans Pritchard. Presently in my group you will figure out how to think for yourselves once more. You will figure out how to appreciate words and language. Regardless of what anyone lets you know, words and thoughts can change the world. Mr.. Keating totally ignores Pritchard thought and urges the young men to not quantify the verse by a coldhearted diagram, which is intentional intellectualism, yet to have an independent mind. The thoughts of class and information on nature are obvious all through the structure of the Dead Poets Society. Serene pictures of nature at its best were constantly uncovered between different scenes of the film. These peaceful shots of nature remind the watcher that nature is quiet and awesome, and it is there that genuine sides is found. The Dead Poets Society didn't meet in an apartment or sumptuous conference center, yet in a dull, clammy cavern somewhere down in the forested areas. The setting of their gatherings stresses the subject of their discussion, supernatural verse. The youngsters of the general public are experienced their convictions by en deavoring to discover motivation there. During the emotional minutes before Meals self destruction the camera uncovers representative things. To begin with, snow is imagined outside when Neal opens the window. Neal opens the window since he needs to be ameliorated by the white, shimmering, snow-secured nature. At that point, a nearby of the crown of thistles that he wore in the gradually puts on his head affirms that he imagines that nature drove him to the correct answer in his predicament. All through the film the supernatural thought of excellence inside nature is oozed through camera points and the setting. In general, Dead Poets Society shows three specific attributes of the supernatural way of thinking: the solid conviction that the world ought not comply with society, judicious intellectualism is shoddier than sense, and reality and flawlessness are situated in nature. Thoreau and Emerson would have adored this film!

College Essay News and Tips Weekly Link Roundup

College Essay News and Tips Weekly Link Roundup College Essay News and Tips: CEAs Weekly Link Roundup College Essay News and Tips: CEAs Weekly Link Roundup Hello students, parents and college essay enthusiasts! CEA is pleased to roll out a new series were calling the College Essay Link Roundup. It may not surprise you that in  addition to  helping our students brainstorm, edit and polish up the most fabulous college essays of all time, we also spend a lot of time reading news related to the college essay and  keeping ourselves up-to-date on the ever-changing admissions process. When something particularly striking hits the news, we try to provide our own commentary  on the CEA Blog, but it is not always possible to do an in-depth analysis of every piece of advice or news the internet has to offer. Still, we wouldnt want you to miss out on any of this information in case you, like us, love nothing more than to read about year-to-year changes in admissions statistics and the thought process behind how colleges develop their essay questions. Forget The Fault In Our Stars   this is where the entertainment is. (Okay, fine, we loved that book too. Yes, it made us cry. A lot.) So pour yourself a glass of lemonade and lay out on a  lounge chair with your iPhone. Its college essay link time. Money Magazine ranks the best colleges for your money in 2014. The New York Times takes a stab at making sense of Money Magazines new college rankings. The Common App blog details four things students need to know about the 2014-15 Common App, which was officially released this Friday. MITs Senior Counselor for Web Communications attempts to crowdsource next years college essay questions. Mashable shares 7 hot majors that are new on the professional scene. Is college more worthwhile than spending four years chained to a radiator? The Onion says yes. About CEA HQView all posts by CEA HQ »

Should College Athletes Be Paid - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 974 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/06/12 Category Career Essay Level High school Tags: Should College Athletes Be Paid Essay Did you like this example? Today, sports are not any more pointless fooling around, sports are a business, and school sports are the same. Division I school sports give an immense wellspring of colleges pay. The school gets cash from ticket deals, TV contracts, and game related stock, alongside numerous different games related income manufacturers. The competitors then again, get their grant and minimal more. While getting a free school training is something few would gripe about; when the issue is all the more intently analyzed it winds up clear that it isnt sufficient. Colleges are misusing competitors, and as of late the issues this makes have turned out to be more noticeable. An ever increasing number of competitors are currently leaving school right on time to enter the expert alliances with the end goal to profit. There have additionally been more reports of infringement encompassing college promoters and graduated class paying players. Besides, competitors have been blamed for making manages players and changing the result of diversions. These issues could be limited, if not totally disposed of, by receiving a program for remunerating understudy competitors. School competitors are abused by their schools, which make a huge number of dollars off of them. This prompts infringement, understudies leaving school early, and understudy competitors that cant bear to do anything that their game doesnt support. The NCAA and expert alliances can cooperate to initiate an arrangement to repay these competitors and cure every one of these issues. Understudy competitors require cash simply like some other undergrads, and a considerable lot of them require it much more. As per Steve Wolf, numerous school competitors originate from burdened foundations. This implies while the free educational cost is decent, they are as yet going to require cash for different costs that each understudy faces. The NCAA at long last understood this as of late and chose to enable competitors to have an occupation gaining up to $2000 amid the school year This, while all around expected, is incomprehensible for some, if not the greater part of school competitors. As Greenlee states, The hours competitors would spend working at an occupation are as of now played in seven days for with no development. The game they play is their activity; it takes up as much time, if not more, as the typical understudys activity at the cafeteria or understudy focus, yet they dont get paid. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Should College Athletes Be Paid" essay for you Create order The schools need to compensate for this by discovering some approach to remunerate these competitors. Primary explanation for not giving school competitors some type of pay is that school competitors must be beginners and in the event that they are paid they will lose their status as a novice. Novices are characterized in the word reference as a competitor who has never acknowledged cash, or who acknowledges cash under confinements indicated by an administrative body, for taking an interest in an opposition. Numerous individuals say the way that school competitors are beginners and not paid gives school sports their allure Be that as it may, these principles have been expanded so far that competitors can scarcely get a check from their grandma via the post office without warnings going up. Under the current guidelines, colleges and universities cant enroll competitors who have contended with experts, acknowledged cash from sponsors to be utilized for things, for example, private secondary school educational cost, acknowledged prize cash won in rivalries, or played for cash in any cla ss. Moreover, current school competitors cant be paid for giving exercises in their game or acknowledge stipends from the U.S. Olympic council. B-ball and football are the greatest games in school and produce the most cash. Its a billion dollar business to the men running it behind the scene and just to the players there endeavoring to make a profession out of it Why not pay them? There are some who should keep up a mindful GPA to get it. The last and apparently the most essential motivation to pay school competitors, is that it will guarantee that most school competitors will finish their higher educations. Paying understudy competitors would give competitors a motivating force to remain in school and finish their degree programs, rather than leaving right on time for the expert classes. In the event that competitors are paid to play, not exclusively would they be able to cover a portion of their school costs that grants couldnt cover, yet additionally now they will need to complete their training. NCAA prides itself on all understudy competitors are understudies first and competitors second, in any case, it appears that more prominent competitors leave ahead of schedule for the masters. In school b-ball, numerous rookie stars are alluded to as one and done players as they finish one year of school and go to the expert alliances ahead of schedule, as they nee d cash and need it at the earliest opportunity. The significance of their training is lost. The College is by all accounts double-dealing in its activities when it doesnt pay its competitors, since it appears they bolster school competitors leaving for the Expert alliance early. Nonetheless, without paying competitors, colleges leave their understudies with no other choice however to not graduate and withdrawal following a semester or a year to meet their budgetary commitments. It ought to be extremely basic for the colleges to repay their understudy competitors. One creator proposes that each college pays a similar level rate to every school competitor for a long time, at that point offer a raise to senior competitors. This reward will make that motivator for understudies to get their degrees. While it might appear to be odd and treacherous to pay school competitors, actually remuneration of such competitors is a need not exclusively to keep rivalry at an enduring level in school games, yet in addition to urge understudies to gra duate and get their professional educations.

Essay on Americas Crime Fighters Need DNA Fingerprinting

Americas Crime Fighters Need DNA Fingerprinting Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a chemical structure containing a base sequence. Base pairs are genetic codes made up of four chemicals (Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and Thymine) and each sequence differs in every person. Because DNA is so complex and varies immensely in individuals, it can be used like a fingerprint, hence the name DNA Fingerprinting. DNA can be found and analyzed in blood, semen, saliva, hair and skin--even decades old if properly stored. The process takes longer than simple fingerprinting and is very expensive, but the results are almost perfect in determining identity. While these tests are very accurate, there is a 1 in 50 billion chance that two people†¦show more content†¦Department of Justice. Today DNA testing is used regularly to convict criminals as fingerprints have in the past. The Department of Justice states that in 1998, the FBI created the National DNA Index System (NDIS), which currently links 42 states. Today there are genetic profile s for more than one million criminals stored in this database, and soon all 50 states are expected to participate in the NDIS. That is a great example of an effective use of DNA Fingerprinting and security. Previously used only in research labs, DNA fingerprinting has become more common to the public. Although mostly used for paternity testing, DNA profiling is reliable enough as evidence that prosecutors are relying on it more and more to help convict suspects in criminal cases. One specific example occurred in Goldsboro, North Carolina. A man known as the â€Å"Night Stalker† had committed offenses of rape in 1990 to three elderly women. Each incident resulted in an attempt to murder the victim; however, only two lost their lives along with one husband. One woman was fortunately saved by the unusually early arrival of her daughter. The suspect planned to burn the residence to hide the crime, but panicked and ran, leaving behind substantial evidence. A matching pap smear was taken from each victim to cross reference DNA samples, but no suspect was known. This is where the NDIS came into effect, adding a profile to North Carolina’s database. After 10 years of

Be the First to Know What the Experts Think About Help Writing Paper

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Learning Journal Professional Knowledge

Question: Discuss about the Learning Journal for Professional Knowledge. Answer: In the following assignment, I am going to document my development and learning progress regarding theunit of international and comparative human resource management. The purpose is here to improve my self-awareness regarding professional knowledge, problem solving and decision-making skills and awareness about the political, social as well as the ethical issues. Therefore, the following journal is going to be descriptive, reflective as well as analytical and is going to address my daily experiences, various situations in the work place and my interaction with the people. I would like to inaugurate my reflective journal by elaborating the things I have learnt and among them, what I have found the most interesting. Following that, I would also denote the difficulties those I found unexpected and the aspects, which I have acquired from my experiences. I would like to start from my todays learning experiences. I have learnt about the international human resource management. More specifically, I have learnt about the cultural framework of international HR management. The class has discussed about varied international HR management aspects like management of workplace diversity, international HR activities and manifestation of workplace culture. From the class, I have come to know about the fact that there are a disappointing number of international organizations, who do not abide the obligatory rule of providing equal opportunities to the employees. Most importantly, I have understood that according to the US law of antidiscrimination, US organizations cannot legally discriminate their employees who work on the overseas for the organizations. Further, I have acquired the knowledge from todays class that underutilization of the talents of the female employees, undervaluation of the female employees, lack of antidiscrimination laws an d lack of advancement and development of the women employees are some of the most frequent and sensitive issues. Such issues are some of the predicaments, which make it difficult for pursuing satisfactory workplace diversity. On the other hand, todays class has taught me that the international human resource management fundamentally covers five particular services, which are international taxation, international relocation and orientation, administrative services for expatriates , host-government relations and language translation services. Before the class, I did not have any idea about international relocation services. I have obtained the understanding that arrangement of pre-department training, the responsibility of providing immigration as well as travel details are parts of international relocation. I have also learnt today that information regarding compensation details, housing, shopping, recreation and medical care and the role of finalizing employee compensation details are also some of the vital responsibilities pursued under the international relocation services. Finally, I would like to denote here that I have learnt about all the crucial international challenges, which are prohibiting to pr operly managing talent. Increasing market complexity, currency volatility, extreme competition for talent, workforce diversity and offshore and onshore are some of the crucial challenges. However, I believe that workforce diversity and currency volatility are two most sensitive predicaments for multinationals. However, among the several aspects, which I have learnt from my classes on international human resource management, the most interesting lesson for me has been Hofstedes model of cultural dimension. It has been interesting for me to learn that Geert Hofstede, who has developed Hofstedes model of cultural dimension, established the model by integrating data of more than 72 countries of more than 116,000 employees. In this context, I need to mention the fact that Hofstedes model of cultural dimension depends upon five key aspects, which are power distance, masculinity, individualism or collectivism and uncertainty avoidance. I should contemplate the fact that a model of cultural dimension has a relatively bigger sphere, which includes varied of aspects, which fundamentally belong to four dimension of culture by Geert Hofstede. I need to say that the most helpful as well as interesting aspect learnt from lesson of cultural dimension has been the underpinning about the conventional male or female values. According to the theoretical underpinning of Hofstedes cultural dimension, the aspect of masculinity says that tough values, such as success, money, competition and social status determine or integrate the aspect of masculinity. On the other hand, the tender values like relationship, care and quality of life dominate and integrate the facet of feminine. Nevertheless, it has been difficult for me to accept the fact that Hofstedes model does not prioritize subculture difference and at the same time has only been applied upon some chosen countries. I need to mention that from todays lesson I have also acquired a coherent understanding about the variations in value orientation. As I have now mentioned about the variation in value orientation, I need to mention here that the framework of Kluckhohn and Strodbeck of the differences in the value orientation have identified six value orientations. These are relation to nature, time orientation, basic human nature, activity orientation, relationship between people and space orientation. It has been understood that not all the kinds of value orientations are preferred by a single culture. I have learnt from the framework set by Kluckhohn and Strodbeck that each different culture may consider one or two of the value orientations. It is my understanding that says an international organization should follow all the aforementioned aspects acknowledged by me in order to maintain a properly maintained diversified work culture. Furthermore, I should make account of the fact that both domestic and international activities regarding human resource management service are moderated by cultural environment, multination organi zations extent of reliance on its home country, complexity involved in the program of operating in different countries and the industry to which a particular multinational organization belongs to. It has been identified by me that along with sex discrimination, in most of the multinational organizations, age and racial discrimination are very common. I have come to know the reality that in countries like those that Canada and Australia, racial discrimination against the aboriginal people are found among the multinational countries, whose home countries and domestic market are Canada or Australia. It has been shocking for me to believe such a situation although I should confront that I personally have not encountered any such discrimination in real life. In this respect, one context I need to enlist in my journal. Instead of the fact that I personally have not undergone any such situation of corporate discrimination but father of one of my friends, who belongs to a minority and marginalized section of the society have faced racial and cultural discrimination. According to my friends account, several times in office, his father has been bullied verbally by his colleagues and eve n by the management regarding racial discrimination. Later I came to know that his father has been forced to leave the multinational company where he worked due to extreme level of embarrassment and harassment. I have personally come across a particular incident that have helped me to realize the fact that cultural dimension is not integrated only with the aspects outlined by Geert Hofstede. Gender egalitarianism, Assertiveness, performance orientation and human orientation are some of the other facets, which are potential dimensions of culture. It is true and an acceptable fact that Hofstedes model gives a firmer and more cohesive evaluation of a countrys culture. Nevertheless, I used to travel a lot and while travelling in several places of my home country, I have noticed the fact that people seldom encourage others for being generous, caring and kind to others. I have seen instead of getting help from others, people seldom offer the same help to others and most of the time they do not even acknowledge the help they are provided from others. I believe we are bound to reward or at least encourage those people, who are showing their kindness and honesty to us. I have realized that if we cou ld not reward them or show them the same generosity, we should at least acknowledge their contribution. Through the particular experience and acquisition of knowledge regarding human orientation to be one of the extended dimensions of culture that should be considered, I have realized that cultural aspects of a particular place is determined by human orientation too. However, in this context, I need to mention one thing, which is I should acquire more knowledge regarding the basic responsibilities of the human resource department. It is because I aspire become a part of the human resource department of any particular international organization. At the same time, I desire to maintain a management, where people would work under a properly maintained diversified work culture, after becoming part of a human resource department. Henceforth, I believe that in order to accomplish my dream I need to gather a lot more information about anti-discrimination policies useful for maintaining work place diversity. On the other hand, the lessons I have learnt, have pointed out that Hofstedes model is more recognizable and the globe cultural dimensions are not. It would be essential to judge whether collectivism, assertiveness and human and performance orientation should be considered as the integral dimensions of culture. On the other side, in depth information regarding the impact of globalization on international HRM and emergence of new markets would also be significant for me to know. From my lessons, one of the significant facts I came to know about is that the flow of FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) as well as the amount of gross domestic products are increasing with an impressive pace. Therefore, it can be said that in future, business negotiation with the developing countries like Brazil, India and China along with Russia will increase. I believe it is indicative of the fact that the level of workforce diversity will increase in time of doing business in the host country. Considering the situation, I face regarding human orientation and the news about workplace discrimination, as per my cumulated knowledge I would like to say that in future if I become a human resource manager of a multinational company, I would strongly maintain policies regarding anti-discrimination. More precisely, I would try to acknowledge people for their performance and behaviour. At the same time, it would be my responsibility to monitor whether people are showing discriminating attitude towards the employees who either belong to marginalized community or to the aboriginal groups. However, I should admit one truth that the lesson regarding cultural dimension and workplace diversity has changed my previous perceptions. Previously, I used to believe that workplace diversity means gender discrimination. The lesson has opened up my eyes about the fact racial and cultural discriminations are there, which altogether prohibit building a properly diversified workplace culture. It is significant to mention here that in order to turn a situation, which involves verbal bullying to a person or a group of people, I would first consider my theoretical knowledge that I have acquired from the unit lesson. I would consider reviewing the existing anti-discrimination policies and if there were anything not as such, I as a HR executive would try to design anti-discrimination policies regarding racism. In other case, I would abide the existing anti-discrimination policies of the particular organization and would strictly warn those who would be involved in the practice of discrimination. If warning would not work, then strict action against them would be appropriate.

Amazon Financial Ratio Analysis Essay Sample free essay sample

The chief intent of research is to cut down the hazard degree of a determination. The research procedure involves six determination phases. The first phase of research procedure is to find and clear up the research inquiry. The undertaking before us was – to place a publicly-traded company that is a leader in its industry. The research inquiries formed were – what industry to take? Is at that place a clear market leader in that industry? Are at that place plenty publically traded companies in that industry? Is the marker leader a publically traded company for minimal 5 old ages? Are the last 5 years’ fiscal statements of the company available in public sphere? The 2nd phase of the research procedure is making a research proposal. In this phase budget is allocated to the research undertaking. We will write a custom essay sample on Amazon Financial Ratio Analysis Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Our research was allocated little sum of budget and clip. So. research needed to be concluded fast. The 3rd phase is planing the research undertaking. In this phase. a design for carry throughing research aims and replying research inquiries within allocated resources is prepared. ( Cooper A ; Schindler. 2011. p. 87 ) . In our research. the industries considered for research were: Car. Computer and accoutrements. Soft drink. Sports and dresss. e-commerce. retail. package. banking and finance. These industries were chosen because there are few really large planetary participants in these industries for whom equal sum of information is available in public sphere. It makes the undertaking of informations aggregation easy. In this phase. a pilot trial is used to observe failing in design and informations aggregation procedure ( Cooper A ; Schindler. 2011. p. 89 ) . The 4th phase is data aggregation and readying. For each of the selected industries. top 5 companies were listed down for each of the last 5 old ages. Each company was marked as publically listed/ non listed. If the company is listed. find whether company is listed in USA or non. The end is to place the market leader in each industry who has been listed for minimal 5 old ages in USA and has systematically dominated the market in several industries. The 5th phase is data analysis and reading ( Cooper A ; Schindler. 2011. p. 90 ) . The information collected in phase four was analyzed and summarized in this phase. The concluding phase of research procedure is to describe the consequence. The study besides includes an executive sum-up of the job. methodological analysis used. findings. and recommendations. The recommended industry was â€Å"e-commerce† . In e-commerce industry. Amazon. com has been a market leader for several old ages. Amazon. com is a $ 57. 26 billion company. Due to its larger size. competitory industry. unchallenged market leading. handiness of informations in public sphere. and naming on NASDAQ. Amazon. com is recommended for farther research. Ratio Analysis: Amazon. com Inc is market leader in e-commerce industry. The ratio analysis helps in understanding fiscal wellness and fiscal public presentation of a company. compare the fiscal public presentation of a company with equals and industry norm. every bit good as with past public presentation. and place tendencies. The liquidness ratios tell about the liquidness place of a company. The current ratio and speedy ratio are two of import liquidness ratios. Current ratio of Amazon. com has come down from 1. 39 in 2007 to 1. 17 in 2011. Quick ratio has besides declined from 1. 07 in 2007 to 0. 84 in 2011. The current ratio of Amazon. com is less than the industry norm. but speedy ratio is better than industry norm. It shows that company has good hard currency place and company is able to pull off current assets more expeditiously. The debt direction ratios give an penetration in capital construction of the house. The entire debt ratio has improved in last 5 old ages. The entire debt ratio is much lower than the industry norm. The debt to equity ratio of Amazon has come down drastically from 1. 07 in 2007 to 0. 18 in 2011. However. D/E ratio has increased somewhat in 2011. The D/E ratio of Amazon is somewhat higher than industry norm of 0. 12 ( MSN Money. 2013 ) . The cost of debt is lower than the cost of equity. So. adding some debt in capital construction has really helped Amazon to take down its cost of capital. The plus direction ratios tell about the efficiency of a house. The stock list turnover of Amazon. com has declined from 12. 36 in 2007 to 9. 63 in 2011. which is a cause of concern. The stock list turnover ratio of Amazon has been on diminution in last 5 old ages. but it is still higher than the industry norm. The plus turnover of Amazon has besides declined systematically and now it is merely somewhat higher than the industry norm. The diminution in plus turnover indicates that the plus use of Amazon has come down. which is a cause for concern. The profitableness ratios tell about profitableness of a house. The net income border of Amazon has declined from 3. 21 % in 2007 to 1. 31 % in 2011 and it is much lower than the industry norm of 10. 48 % ( MSN Money. 2013 ) . The return on plus and return on equity has besides declined systematically in last five twelvemonth and it is lower than the industry norm. The worsening tendency in profitableness ratios is a cause of concern for Amazon. com. The P/E ratio tells how much investors are willing to pay for a company. The P/E ratio of Amazon has improved in last 4 old ages. ( though it is lower than what it was in 2007 ) . The P/E ratio of Amazon is much higher than the industry norm. which shows that investors put more assurance in Amazon than its equals. Mentions Cooper. D. R. . A ; Schindler. P. S. ( 2011 ) . Business Research Methods. New York. New york: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. MSN Money ( 2013 ) . Retrieved from: hypertext transfer protocol: //investing. money. msn. com/investments/stock-price? symbol=amzn A ; ocid=qbeb

How might the Telecommunication Industry in Australia affect the Rollout of National Broadband Network in Australia in 2011

How might the Telecommunication Industry in Australia affect the Rollout of National Broadband Network in Australia in 2011 Introduction The telecommunication industry in Australia is experiencing a massive and rapid economic boom with various reports showing a great value of performance orientation by its respondents in the industry. The industry is mainly made up of businesses that provide telecommunication services to the public either by cable, wire or radio.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on How might the Telecommunication Industry in Australia affect the Rollout of National Broadband Network in Australia in 2011? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The major activities of the telecommunication industry in Australia include internet services, operation of radio relay stations, telephone services, operation of television relay stations, teleprinter and telex services, network communication services, cable and communication channel services, and satellite communication services. The industry is fundamentally event driven with diminutive exe cution of planning in areas other than finance or marketing. The lack of planning is evident in contemporary Future Orientation with the conveyed desire for future orientation, but the introduction of intensive competition has recently promoted more product planning and the general business planning in the market. However, elements such as size, novelty, and politics of the present-day industry environment has contributed in depicting planning less effective than otherwise expected. The interference by such factors in the telecommunication industry has protected the free-to-air TV networks, and at the same time contributed to Australia’s holdup in rolling out high-speed internet access through the National Broadband Network initiative. The ever changing market and technology has brought in a real forecast in the capitalization and elevation of Future Orientation, and this brings in the likelihood of Australia following the paradigm of America and other European countries in d eveloping strategic mechanisms of capturing the market’s vast potential.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The growth and immense potential in this industry saw the planned roll out of the National Broadband Network (NBN) project, which is meant to take advantage of the existing economic and social opportunities in the digital sector. While delivering an affordable, high-speed broadband to every corner of the Australian society, the project is projected to drive the country’s economy for decades to come by migrating from copper to the fibre optic network When the Australian government went ahead with the privatization of Telstra, which is the country’s largest telecommunications company, there were major concerns on the contradictory role of the government as regulator and owner of the telecommunication giant. Major concerns also remain in Telstr a’s potential capability of abusing its monopoly power to impediment regulatory outcomes through belligerent use of its litigation. Delaying in making a satisfactory public bid for access to its network and inflating the prices of its wholesale services such as fixed and mobile network are some of Telstra’s alleged abuses. In order to level the competitive telecommunication field, the Australian government instructed Telstra to separate its retail and wholesale arms for the NBN project. Telstra vehemently opposed this idea and the draft legislation that would separate its structures within its telecommunication network. Regulatory and judicial proceedings still mar Telstra with numerous disputes with its competitors over access to its network rights. Despite this, various stakeholders have since entered the scene with ardent interest. The NBN initiative is projected to create a network that will handle an assortment of data that is increasingly complicated, therefore a malgamating the media and the information technology industries with telecommunications.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on How might the Telecommunication Industry in Australia affect the Rollout of National Broadband Network in Australia in 2011? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Media The media and communications industries has undergone through changes in its general corporate organization with mounting competition between media segments on the maximum gain and use of content being produced (Stuart Cunningham, Graeme Turner 4). This means taking advantage of the capability to present and modify the same content on numerous platforms of delivery and distribution. By restricting concentration of ownership in broadcasting sectors, the ownership and control of media is regulated across the media. Foxtel which has a substantial majority in the pay-TV market is half-owned by Telstra and the roll-out of the NBN project is seen to have rules and regulations that limit the number of providers, while shielding the incumbents against entry by neglecting diversity In Australia, all free-to-air television Programmes have a strict domestic content requirements through the Australian Broadcasting Services Amendment Act that require 10 percent of programme budgeting on new Australian drama programs (Ron Kirk 27). Although traditional media has occasionally been warned on the radical changes they face with the development in the digital media arena, they have basically been absent from the debate surrounding the NBN project. However, the National Broadband Network will generate new changes and options that will see media players taking leadership roles in search of trans-sector opportunities the NBN has to offer. They can possibly copy their archaic models onto the NBN brand via the wholesale services of a telco since they have a strong brand with millions of users. Although it is not defined, foreign nati onals seeking proposals that relates to portfolio shareholdings into the media industry are subjected to a ‘national interest test’ since foreign investment in the mass media is limited (Chang and Thorson 16). Media stakeholders should therefore gear up to with mechanisms that will help them profit from their audiences with the convergence of media and internet-based technologies through high-speed broadband even as they continue to enjoy protection from outside competition. (Butcher 127).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Despite this projection, most media companies are still looking and grounded on their core competencies rather than stirring towards media innovation. Advantages of Public owned Telecommunications towards NBN Rollout. The NBN initiative will produce and promote a prevalent network that is competent in handling both broadband and narrowband requirements with equal adept in managing interactive and broadcasting services. One feature of this project is that it involves and embraces the elaboration of neo-liberal views and ideas of economic regulation. In this view, public ownership of telecommunication infrastructure and services is seen as a central point for national pride and sovereignty with a common feeling of owning a piece of a vital national infrastructure (Fairbrother 52). Public views and ideas would initially be ‘measured at heart’ for the NBN project and this would douse any thought of manipulation by ‘outside’ parties, and also bring public calm w ith general accountability to the project. Public ownership would not cultivate into the current climate of crisis brought about by the free market that would dictate the wages and conditions of each and every Australian. Public ownership of the NBN roll-out would basically promote a unified and coherent platform for the whole initiative. Disadvantages of Public owned Telecommunications towards NBN Roll-out. Since there is never a conclusive concept from the general public, such ownership would only promulgate indecisions and slothfulness into the implementation and completion of the NBN initiative. According to the 2010 report by the Business Council of Australia, ‘’ the public ownership of the NBN initiative would elevate investor uncertainty with various companies rescheduling or withholding investments, and would only impede new technologies from getting into the market with the country’s general output falling behind ( 4) ‘’. Such a scenario wou ld only create ambiguity over NBN’s future operations. Advantages of Private owned Telecommunication Infrastructures towards NBN Rollout. International communication through telecommunications is rapidly becoming the backbone of trade, productivity, and the general business activities which are the linchpins of a growing, healthy economy (Mody, Bauer and Straubhaar 53). Privatization in the telecommunication industry is seen as a catalyst to development with a significant input. In this view, the streamlining of the telecommunications industry in Australia has made it impossible to find public-owned telecommunication carriers due to the concept of deregulation and privatization. This model is highly important because it will redefine the NBN initiative into from the typical public good, to a more global-oriented project that is competitive both domestically and internationally with a customer-driven service. The Telecommunications industry is quite complex in technology and o perations, and the only way that consumers can be better served is if more providers are included in the field. Consumers will be offered more competing products, prices, and services in order to meet the ever more diverse demands. Such private owned companies are also capable of responding quite better to consumer demands than the public-owned corporations that may not act imperatively (Cunningham 151). Sometimes such projects do halt due to lack of funds that can be brought about by underestimation or even the changing tides in commodity prices, and the telecommunication companies which are private-owned can quickly accumulate for these funds. This means that the NBN initiative will flourish under long-term macroeconomic relief, and also can carry on and meet deadlines rather than wait for the tedious process associated with the public owned companies. Generally through private ownership, the NBN project will see a proficient financing and management with the inclusion of professi onals who bring real sustainable efficiencies to the whole project. Privatization is therefore the more efficient solution to the sorry nature of most state-owned of telecommunication infrastructures with its limit on resources and the changing technological know-how. Disadvantages of Private owned Telecommunication Infrastructures towards NBN Roll-out. Private ownership of telecommunication systems in Australia will only bring distrust to the fore since it’s a product of an intrinsic capitalistic motive, and will also spread the adage that any control of information leads to the control of both political and economic procedures and the NBN project has not fallen short of such perception. Since telecommunications is an important industry that connects every sector of the Australian society, it might be used by a single entity or group of companies to create an oligarchy of economical information which can snatch power from the government. Such a scenario would reduce the gove rnment to a mere puppet, while these private entities continue to violate their power in the NBN initiative and act in their own interest neglecting Australian’s welfare (Chhokar, Brodbeck and House 320-331). This will greatly hinder the roll-out of the NBN project since Australia is a society which has a fair history of distrust in private ownership of infrastructure. Private ownership of the NBN roll-out would not put public interest into consideration and the individual private companies would only be interested in generating shareholder’s profits at customer’s expense. Privatization would also encourage manipulation and cover-ups of various inconsistencies associated with the NBN initiative since such organizational setups detest public scrutiny. Privatization will allow foreign competitors enter the telecommunication market indiscriminately and would endeavor to servicing only wealthy businesses and individuals who can afford their expensive services. In th is event, the NBN initiative would therefore leave its core policy of universal service unsettled. It’s hypothetical for privatization to take place without liberalization since such profit-driven enterprises do operate as a monopoly in its selfish achievements that can prove untenable for the government to contain(Leahy and Michael O’Brien 2-5). Analysis Australia is tremendously relying on the NBN initiative to face out its obsolete copper telecommunications network. The pendulum of opinions surrounding the NBN roll-out is due to its importance for the country’s economy, future development, and international competitiveness. The apparent stratification in the Australian telecommunication industry is quite higher than desirable and is derivative of the existing socio-political level of attitudes. The rapid restructuring in the industry is significantly affecting collectivism and power expanses, especially with the differing view between those who do not have th e slightest clue of the impending changes and those that are knowledgeable of what is to come with the changes. Although there are calls for either private or public investment in the telecommunications industry, it’s unfortunate that the processes have represented a vicious circle of events that is detrimental to both the economic and political systems. Conclusion The emerging picture from the NBN initiative and the general Australian telecommunications industry is the consistent socio-political values that underpin the economical importance of this project to the country at large. If telecommunication laws are well designed implemented, it would reduce the general fear and uncertainty that accompany the dreary investment in the telecommunication sector. At the same time, Telstra and its competitors should learn in ways they can corporate and be diplomatic about their differences rather than the self-sacrificing we are now witnessing. Even as the telecommunications industry undergoes through the intense process of change that seems endless, there is no doubt of the massive and infinite benefits that the NBN initiative will bring for generations to come. Butcher, John. Australia under Construction: Nation-building Past, Present and  Future. Canberra: ANU E Press, 2008. Print. Chang and Andrew, Thorson. A Legal Guide to Doing Business in Asia-Pacific.  Chicago: American Bar Association, 2011. Print. Chhokar, Brodbeck and Robert House. Culture and leadership, across the world:  The GLOBE Book of In-Depth Studies of 25 Societies. New York: Routledge, 2007. Print. Cunningham and Graeme Turner. The Media and Communications in Australia.  Crows Nest, NSW: Allen Unwin, 2010. Print. Cunningham, Stuart. The Media and Communications in Australia (Large Print  16pt). Crows Nest:ReadHowYouWant.com, 2010. Print. Fairbrother, Peter. Privatisation, Globalisation, and Labour: studies from  Australia. Leichhardt, NSW: Federation Press, 2002. Print. Kirk, R on. National Trade Estimate Report on Foreign Trade Barriers (25th Ed.).  Pennsylvania: DIANE Publishing, 2011. Print. Leahy and Michael O’Brien. Telecommunications Law and Technology in the  Developing World. Volume 22, Issue 1. Boston College International and  Comparative Law Review. 1999. Web. Mody, Bauer and Joseph Straubhaar. Telecommunications Politics: ownership  and control of the information highway in developing countries. New  York: Routledge, 1995. Print. N.p. Business Council of Australia. March: Submission on Draft Legislation for  the National Broadband Company. 2010. Web.

Hospitality Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Hospitality - Article Example ies became of incredible importance in the businesses, consequently Human Resource organization requirements to be cautiously well thought-out and implemented (Xiao 5). It ought to be able to overcome the effects of the varying earth of work, which advocates that individuals working in the Human Resources Department be alert of the effects of globalization, expertise changes, workforce variety, employment shortages, varying skill necessities, and employee participation. There has been extensive evidence done to determine the major cause that influences customers to return in hotels (Emir & Kozak). Many hotel businesses are undertaking extensive research to determine what may impress the customers and influence them to come back. Many five star hotels have concentrated on facilities they offer and the services they give their customers. The hotels mainly concentrated on reception services and house keeping ensuring their customers received quality services for them to return. Staff education is an important part as well as the major utility of Human Resource supervision and improvement; it is a fundamental path of encouraging staff and rising output in the industry. Through the improvement of the technologies and the entire business surroundings, workers are asked to be extra trained and qualified (Xiao

Final Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 20

Final - Essay Example Some of the refugees moved to Russia while others moved to settle in India. At the same time, about 2-3 million people returned home after the Soviets left. After the Soviets left, a civil war erupted which displaced over 5 million people to neighboring nations (Runion, p. 115). The Taliban fighters seized control of the country in 1994 and started to persecute non-Islamic religions and limited women rights. This led to the educated, women, religious minorities, and critics of the Taliban to flee the country. This refugees migrated to western nations like the United States and Canada where the Taliban had no influence (Runion, p. 121). The results of stream effectiveness for the refugees depicts the fact people were fleeing Afghanistan and into other countries. The 100 percent stream effectiveness points to the fact that no refugees were moving into Afghanistan. The gross migration and the net migration of the country was the same. The high out migration rate of 89.8181 shows that the rate at which the Afghans fled their country was so high. The fear of death and looking for a means of survival was the main driving force in this migration rate. The main ethnic group in Afghanistan, the Pushtuns, moved from the South eastern provinces of the country. They moved through the Durand line into the North West Frontier Province in Pakistan as they had distant relatives. As their number increased, they were relocated by the Pakistan government away from the border areas. The Baluch and Hazara ethnic group refugees moved from Afghanistan into the capital of Baluchistan of Pakistan. Another group of Hazara refugees settled in Quetta part of Pakistan where they had relatives (Cultural Survival). The Uzbek refugees from northern Afghanistan were settled in Karachi, the Sind Province of Pakistan. Around 18,500 Uzbek refugees live in 320 villages. The Kirghiz refugees

Design of a Standalone Energy System

Design of a Standalone Energy System Design of a Standalone Energy System and its Comparison with Grid Connected System in Pakistan Abstract During last few decades the investment and interest in the development of solar energy is being increased. PV is becoming more and more popular in those countries which can bear large investment cost and can offer economic incentives to the investors and almost in all those areas of world which are looking for a clean environment and working hard for green energy projects. This thesis work covers the design of a standalone power system and comparison of this designed system with already existing grid connected system in Pakpattan, Pakistan. After preliminary designing, an estimation of system and different components sizing was made and on the basis of this sizing, different energy sources like PV, wind and diesel generator were tested. Also if PV can fulfill the daily load or a backup diesel generator would be needed. For preliminary designing, Sandia sheets and PVSYST were used but for the actual designing, HOMER was used because HOMER is more accurate and precise tool for designin g standalone power systems. Simulations were carried out and the cost of energy per kWh was 0.435$. Total initial capital cost was 6517$. Further economic evaluation was carried out and was compared with already existing grid connected system. On pure economic terms, this system does not seem to be economical feasible but when different recommendations were taken into account like government subsidy and carbon credit then this system was economically feasible over the 25 years which is the life of this project. 1. Project background and Introduction 1.1 Introduction The project with respect to this thesis is to design a standalone energy system and to compare it with already existing grid connected system. This system might be PV alone system, PV wind hybrid system, PV Diesel hybrid system or just diesel generator system. This system is designed for a Jamia Masjid (Islamic center) in Pakpattan, Pakistan. The exact site of the project is a colony of Pakpattan which is in the south-west of the city Pakpattan. The Pakpattan city is situated around 161 Km south west to Lahore. The climate and weather data is almost same for Lahore and Pakpattan. Furthermore it will be first project of its own nature in this area and it will help to design the systems for the residential areas by which a common person can get benefits and get rid of power failures. â€Å"Pakistan is located between latitude 24 and 37 degrees North and longitude 62 and 75 degrees East. Pakistan has Afghanistan in the north-west, Iran on west boarder, India is on the east, China in the north and the Arabian Sea is on the south† [1]. Pakistan is ageographical centre of the Asian Continent because it builds a type of bridge between Far East and Middle East; also it has a continental type of climate which can be characterized by extreme variations of temperature. Generally the climate of Pakistan is arid, means very high temperature in summer and low temperatures in winter. High altitudes change the climate in the freezing northern mountains which are covered by heavy snow. There is little rainfall. There are some differences exist distinctly in various locations, e.g. the coastal line along Arabian Sea is usually under warm conditions, whereas the Karakoram mountain range and some other mountains of far north are so cold, completely frozen and covered with snow that these are only visible and accessible by some international world-class climbers for a couple of months of May and June of each year. The variation of daily temperature could be 11 0C to 17 0C but in winters the minimum mean temperature is about 4 0C in January. Pakistan has tremendous recourses of energy but unfortunately due to mismanagement out of 170 million population just 65-70% has access to electricity. Demand is more than supply of energy to residential and industrial sector. Currently Pakistan is facing 3000 MW of power storage and it is expected that in year 2010 the demand will exceed supply by 5500 MW. The current power and electricity demand and supply gap shows that there is a big need to increases the current power generation capacity in Pakistan. [1] 1.2 Aim of the thesis The main aim of the project is to design an independent and stand alone energy system for an Islamic center in Pakpattan, Pakistan. During the attempt to design this independent energy system, there could be sub aims as well, which are the procedures and details of the design are presented with step by step. There are main following aims which are supposed to be fulfilled by this thesis. * To go through the core knowledge of the designing process. * Obtaining data for the boundary conditions such as load, solar radiation wind data, available components, cost for fuel, electricity and components. * Sizing of the system. * Optimizing the cost. * To get familiar with different tools used for designing and make selection between them. * Beyond from bookish knowledge, get to know some real and practical aspects of different PV systems and projects. The body and structure of the thesis is mainly divided into four phases. * Introductory part (Abstract, contents) * Main part (Introduction, Background, Description, Analysis, Calculation of the primary load for this specific project. Boundary conditions and design parameters. Economical look on existed grid connected system and Comparative study between this newly design system and already existing grid connected system in terms of economics, Results and Conclusion ) * Reference part (Reference list and Appendices) 1.3 Method As the aim of this thesis project is to design an independent energy system for Islamic center and then compare it with existed grid connected system. The main interest is to provide electricity for Islamic center without shortfall. To do so, first of all literature survey was carried out and was gone through different designing procedures for standalone independent systems. Different tools were also tried and testified, so that an appropriate design could be chosen. In this way Scandia sheets, PVSYST and HOMER were considered especially because these tools were used previously to design such systems. First of all load demand was calculated. Why these three tools were used, the reason is that Scandia sheets are very helpful in sizing different components of standalone energy system while PVSYST has very big database of PV modules, batteries, inverters and diesel generators in itself. After that when the sizing was done then specific components were chosen for this stand alone system. In HOMER there are different options to check weather PV, PV wind hybrid or PV diesel hybrid system is feasible After designing the system, its economic analysis was carried out using different economic parameters like pay back periods, net present value, benefit to cost ratio and internal rate of return. 1.4 Energy profile of Pakistan The energy profile of Pakistan is inadequate and there are always short falls of energy (electricity) especially during summer. Pakistan needs around 14,000 to 15,000 MW electricity everyday to meet all residential and industrial demands. But Pakistan can produce around 11,500 MW, so it means there is around 3000 MW to 4000 MW short fall. The reasons for this deficiency are limited fossil fuel resources, weak economy and mismanagement of the available energy sources. In 1.1, an overview of primary energy supplies in Pakistan is presented in MTOE (TOE: ton of oil equivalent. It is an energy unit which is equal to the energy of burning of 1 ton of crude oil which is about 42 GJ) [2] From 1.1 it is clear that energy supply of Pakistan is highly dependent on Oil and Gas, both contribute more than 79% of total primary energy supplied. The other sources like hydro- electricity, coal, nuclear electricity and imported electricity contribute about 21% of the total share. Pakistan has been growing in agricultural and industrial sector during last decade and thats why energy demand is being increased. As population and industry is growing, the daily demand will increase up to 20,000 MW in 2010. Natural gas has played an important role to meet the energy needs in recent years. But Pakistan needs to expand its energy resource on permanent bases. In order to overcome this energy shortage, Pakistan needs to develop its indigenous energy resources such as hydropower, wind and solar energy. Pakistan is one of the highest solar insulation areas of the world. [3] Here are the main sources of energy in Pakistan right now; * Natural Gas * LPG * CNG * Oil * Coal * Nuclear Energy 1.5 Renewable energy sources in Pakistan Pakistan is situated in such a special geographic location that it is blessed with abundant and inexhaustible Renewable Energy (RE) resources. These resources can play an effective and considerable role for the contribution towards energy security of Pakistan. When we look into current world energy scenario in general and energy scenario of Pakistan in particular, the development and adoption of RE technologies makes better sense. Government policies and objectives to develop RE technology are also matching with this sense so that the share of RE in overall energy mix should be at least 5% by the year 2030. Solar energy has 2.9 Million MW potential and wind energy has around 0.346 Million MW while Mini Small Hydel has 2,000 MW. [4] There is a significant potential of wind energy in Pakistan especially in the coastal belt of Baluchistan and Sindh, and also in deserts of Sindh and Punjab. However this renewable energy source has not been utilized. â€Å"AEDB collected the wind data of all Pakistan from Pakistan Metrological Department and was analyzed. On the basis of this collected data and analysis, it was stated that the coastal belt of Pakistan has a God gifted 60 km wide (Gharo-Keti Bandar) and 180 km long (up to Hyderabad) wind corridor† [4]. This wind corridor has the potential to generate 50,000 MW of electricity. AEDB has done other different surveys in Gharo and Jhimpir regions and some coastal area of Baluchistan. After these surveys it is concluded that in the south region most of the remote villages can be easily electrified through micro wind turbines. Furthermore it is estimated that in Baluchistan Sindh and Northern areas more than 5000 villages can be electrified through wind energy. [4]. In 1.2a and 1.2b wind and solar maps for Pakistan are shown. Sincere efforts and aggressive lobbying has been done by AEDB with national and international investors to invest and to make them realize the tremendous potentials of RE. AEBD is in negotiations with international companies to set up their business in Pakistan. However large wind mills have not been installed yet but 30 wind mills for water pumping have been installed on experimental basis in different parts of Baluchistan and Sindh. In southern coastal areas of Pakistan remote villages are currently electrified with energy and so far more than 17 villages have been electrified using micro wind turbines. Around 95% of total electricity generation is from hydropower in Pakistan. But during hotter months of summer, it cannot meet the energy requirements due to less productive. Also 70% of population lives in around 50,000 villages. Many of these villages are very far from the main transmission lines and also it is not economically viable to connect these small villages to the main gri d due to their small population. On the other hand solar energy has excellent and significant potential. Pakistan is one of those countries which receive solar radiations at high level throughout the year. Every day it receives an average of about 19 MJ/m2 of solar energy. Studies have been already done and solar systems have been developed and tested. [4] 1.6 Potential of PV in Pakistan The location of Pakistan is very ideal to take advantage of solar energy as a source of energy because Pakistan is in the Sun Belt region. Solar energy is available abundantly and widely distributed all around the country. Following shows solar insolation map for Pakistan. The map shows around 200-250 W/m2 per day. The Baluchistan province is very rich in solar energy. It receives around 19-20 MJ/m2 per day averagely which is equal to 1.93-2.03 MWh/ m2 per day with annual 8-8.5 mean annual sunshine hours. These conditions are ideal for PV and solar energy applications. [5] Solar energy is very good option for off-grid villages. There are around 75,000 off-grid villages which contains 4 million homes and every home accommodates around 4-5 people. These off-grid villages are situated in the Baluchistan and Frontier Province. AEDB has set a target to electrify a thousand villages via solar technology by the year 2010. In this respect the first contract has been given to the Sehgal electronics group (Pakistan). Each home which is electrified with PV will have around 400W power supply and lead acid batteries for overnight storage. There are also other plans to have local production using PV modules with and estimation of this production is around 3MW/year. [6] 1.6.1 Possible routes for solar PV in Pakistan The global demand of PV equipment is increasing day by day and due to this fact the prices for PV systems, equipment and electricity has gone down remarkably. PV could be exploited in Pakistan through following two routes. [6] 1.6.1.1 Off-grid or stand-alone sector Stand-alone or off grid systems generate electricity independently of the utility grid. Stand alone systems can be a very good option for the remote areas and very deep located villages, where the extension of power transmission lines would be more costly. Also it could be implemented in environmentally sensitive areas as parks, remote homes and cabins. In rural areas, it could be used for solar water pumps and farm lighting. [6] 1.6.1.2 Grid-connected sector Grid-connected PV systems supply extra power when the home systems power supply is not sufficient to fulfill the load. These systems remove the need of battery bank. In some situation, utilities allow net metering, by which the owner can sell extra power back to the utility. [6] 1.6.2 Current solar energy applications in Pakistan Both PV and solar thermal have a wide range of applications in Pakistan. Although the scale of utilization and adoption has been very small but it has been utilized for last 25 years in Pakistan. Different applications mainly PV and solar thermal applications are summarized as. [5] 1.6.2.1 Photovoltaics Eighteen PV stations were built by the government in the early 1980s to electrify different villages the country. The installed capacity was nearly 440 kW but due to the lack of technical knowledge and follow up, these systems could not perform as required. Currently in Pakistan solar energy is being used for telephone exchanges stand alone rural electrification, cathodic protection, highway emergency telephones and vaccine refrigeration in hospitals. In different parts of Baluchistan, about 20 solar water pumps have been installed for drinking purposes by The Public Health Department. The northern and western area of Pakistan are mostly hilly and mountain areas (Hindu Kush-Himalayas, HKH region), which are blessed with a lot of sunshine with 4-6 kWh/m2 daily average solar radiation. Seven solar stations were installed in this region in the late 1980s for lighting by different companies. The total capacity of these systems was 234 kW. They are not in operation now due maintenance pro blems. SIEMENS Pakistan has installed many stand alone solar systems in Pakistan. On the Lahore-Islamabad Motorway, it has installed power supply systems for many microwave-link repeater stations and more than 350 emergency call boxes. [5] 1.6.2.2 Solar thermal applications There are many applications which utilize the heat characteristics of solar energy directly. These applications are very simple, low price and easily to adoptable. These include heating and cooling of residential and commercial buildings, cooking, water heating for domestic and industrial use and drying agricultural products. A brief description of such applications in Pakistan is given here. [5] 1.6.2.3 Solar water heaters This technology is quite mature in Pakistan but very limited because of its higher capital cost as compared to conventional water heaters which operate on natural gas. But in last couple of years it has started to gain popularity because a number of public sector organizations are working to develop low cost solar water heaters. The prices of natural gas and electricity are increasing day by day, so people are adopting solar water heaters and also private sector has already started the production of such heaters. [5] 1.6.2.4 Solar cooker Different public sector organizations have been working to develop low cost and efficient design solar cookers. In HKH region of Pakistan, more than 2000 solar cookers are in use. This number is very small. It needs to be more popularized. Pakistan needs to reduce the use of precious forest resources as fuel wood and to replace it with solar cookers. [5] 1.6.2.5 Solar dryers Solar energy can be very good option for drying agriculture products. By this, we can get very good quality products at much less cost. Northern mountainous areas like Gilgit and Sakardu are very rich in fruit production like apricots which used to be wasted by tons every year. But now solar dryers are being used to dry large quantities of fruit, which is leaving a positive effect on the economy of this area. Different NGOs are working for the popularizing and the use of such dryers. [5] 1.6.2.6 Solar desalination Drinkable water is unavailable in many parts of Sindh, Baluchistan and southern Punjab and it is very critical issue. Underground water is available but it is highly saline. This saline water is not fit for drinking at all and causes many dangerous diseases such as hypertension. Solar energy can be utilized to convert this available saline water into drinkable water. Solar desalination is very simple, low cost and easy to use. Also it is very easy to adopt. A successful solar desalination project is in operation and it is working very fine and helping to change the life style of the population of Gawader in the Baluchistan province. It consists of 240 stills and each can clean 6000 gallons of seawater per day. [5] 2. Types of PV and PV Hybrid systems Generally the classification of PV systems is based on their operational and functional requirements, the configuration of their components and the connectivity of the equipment to power sources and electrical loads. PV systems are designed to supply DC and/or AC power and can operate interconnected with utility grid or independent of it. There are classified as;  · Grid-connected Photovoltaic systems  · Stand alone Photovoltaic systems 2.1 Grid-connected PV systems Grid-connected PV systems are designed to operate parallel with the interconnection of electric utility grid. Power conditioning unit (PCU) or inverter is very basic component in grid-connected PV systems. PV array produces DC power supply and the PCU converts it in to AC power supply which is consistent with the power and voltage requirements of the utility grid. PCU automatically stops the power supply to the grid when utility grid is not energized. [7] 2.2 Stand alone PV systems Stand alone PV systems or off grid systems are designed to operate independently. Mainly stand alone PV systems are used in isolated and remote areas where the connection with grid or electricity network is not possible. In this type of systems the storage system (batter bank) is very important component and storage is guaranteed by batteries. The design and sizing of such system should be done in a way that it could supply and meet the required load even in bad weather conditions or during winter months. For this surety these systems could be coupled with diesel generator, wind turbine or hydro generator and the systems after this type of coupling is called PV Hybrid systems. There could be different arrangements and designing methods of PV systems depending on the requirements and type of load to be fulfilled. In direct coupled system, DC power is supplied directly from PV array to DC load and there is no energy storage, thats why this type of systems can operate in sunlight hours which make them suitable for common applications like water pumps, ventilation fans and small circulation pumps used in solar thermal heating systems. In many other type of PV stand alone systems battery bank is used for the storage of energy and power inverters which can fulfill AC/DC loads at the same time. [7] 2.3 PV Hybrid systems PV hybrid systems are composed of combined solar energy with some other electricity producing sources like wind turbines, diesel generators or small hydro plants. The choice of other source of energy to be combined depends on the needs and the geographic situation and other specifications. The hybrid systems are best for the remote areas like islands and remote villages, also for remote applications like communication stations and military installations. Before go for designing a hybrid system, the specific energy needs and the available energy sources should be known. It means the potential for all available energy sources like solar energy, wind energy and hydro energy must be studied, so that the best combination could be made which can meet the specific energy requirements in best way of economy and availability. [8] 2.4 PV Diesel hybrid systems In remote areas the electricity has been produced by engine driven generators in the past. For those applications where we need a reliable and stationary generator is required, diesel generators are preferred. Petrol generators may provide electricity at lower cost due to their less frequent use. Engine driven generators are less efficient when driven at light loads (around 40 to 50% of their rated capacity) which can shorten their operating life and it results in high maintenance cost. When the engine is operated at light loads, the combustion temperature goes down which results incomplete combustion and carbon starts to deposit (glazing) on cylinder walls and this leads to premature engine wear and tear. In recent years, the cost of renewable energy technology has been declined continuously and also the concept of usage of alternative energy is growing day by day. Due to these two factors, the utilization of renewable energy has been increased for remote areas. Typically PV modules with small to medium size wind turbine are being used, but for some locations small hydro electric generators are suitable. In simple words combination of renewable energy sources and conventional energy sources with energy storage (battery bank) makes a Hybrid system which can give reliable and economic electricity supply. If we compare a system only with PV generator with a PV hybrid system, the second one reduces the batter size and improves the reliability of overall power supply. In hybrid system, the renewable energy source and battery bank try to reduce the run time of diesel generator. There is sufficient storage in these systems which allow the load to be shifted. Generally these type of systems a re installed in those locations where the logistics and costs of a reliable supply of fuel are not major contributing factors to overall system operation cost. [9] The displacement type systems are sized to decrease the fuel consumption of diesel generator by 70 to 90% as compared with a diesel battery system, so it relies mainly on renewable energy sources like solar. The engine driven generator still remains in the system to equalize the battery and it provides a backup for those periods when there is low solar input or high load demand. Such systems are installed in those locations where some attractive incentives for the use of renewable energy exist or fuel supplies are costly and unreliable. [9] Usually the conventional power supplies with diesel in remote areas are not flexible to react to the changes in load demand and varying operating conditions. This results in the compromises on reliability and efficiency. Significant changes in long term and short term load demand could happen as a result of * Increase or decrease of population; * Special community events; * Seasonal change in environmental conditions ( summer, humidity); * Change of consumer trends (increased use of home appliances) But renewable energy sources and batteries are modular in nature and can be upgraded without any problem when in future the load demand is increased with time. It means that we do not need to change the whole system. But as far as other components of the systems are concerned, they are different in their nature. For example inverters, battery chargers and PV charge controllers should be in such a way that the future increased demand should not exceed their rated capacity. Power conditioning devices are also inherently modular and they facilitate convenient system upgrade. [9] 2.5 Hybrid System configurations PV-Diesel hybrid systems produce AC power supply by the combination of PV array with inverter, which can be operated parallel or alternatively with engine driven generator. PV diesel hybrid systems can be classified as  · Series hybrid energy systems  · Switched energy systems  · Parallel energy systems 2.5.1 Series hybrid energy systems In this configuration, the power generated by generator is rectified first and then converted back to AC supply to fulfill AC demand which incurs much conversion looses. During low electricity demand periods, the diesel generator is powered off and the demand can be fulfilled from PV and stored energy. AC supply reaching to the load is converted from DC by an inverter. In series configuration the system efficiency is low because most systems pass large fraction of produced energy from battery bank which increases the cycling of the battery. [9] The SOC (state of charge) of the battery and actual load decide whether the diesel generator will operate or not, which depends on power supply from PV and diesel generator, load demand and the batteries are either charged or discharged. Solar controller is used to control such situations which prevent the overcharging of the batteries, when PV supply is more than the load and also the batteries are fully charged. The gain in energy is marginal for a good sized system but we can add a maximum tracking point which can improve the utilization of available PV energy. The system can be operated either in manual or automatic mode. This can be done by adding some extra components in the system. [9] There are certain merits and demerits of these configurations, they are as below. Merits * It has simplified electrical output interface as no switching of AC supply is required between different energy sources. * The supplied power to the load is not interrupted when diesel generator starts. * The inverter can produce a square wave, modified square wave or a sine wave depending on application. Demerits * The cycling of the battery bank increases which decreases the life time. * As diesel cannot supply power directly to the load, thats why system efficiency is low. * If there is some problem in inverter or in case of its failure, it results in complete loss of power. In this case diesel generator has to supply power directly for emergency purposes. * The cycling profile requires the large battery bank to limit the depth of discharge. 2.5.2 Switched configurations It is one of the most common configurations used, but it has some operational limitations. As the name shows, it operates either with diesel generator or inverter as AC source but no parallel operation of the main power generation source is possible. Switched configuration hybrid systems can be operated in manual mode but it makes the system more complex. In order to get rid of this complexity, it is desirable to add some automatic control unit. â€Å"This automatic control unit can work by adding appropriate battery voltage sensor and start/stop control unit of diesel generator† [9]. The advantage of this configuration is that the load can be fulfilled directly from diesel generator, which gives overall higher conversion efficiency. In this configuration both PV array and diesel generator can charge the battery. [9] This configuration has also certain advantages and disadvantages as Advantages * As the generator can fulfill the load directly, it improves the efficiency and reduces the fuel consumption. * The inverter can make a square wave, modified square wave or a sine wave depending on application. Disadvantages * Power supply is interrupted time by time as AC power sources are transferred. 2.5.3 Parallel configuration In this type of system PV and diesel generator supply the load separately when the load demand is low or medium. But when the load demand reaches at peck point, then PV and diesel generator combine and supply that peak load. In this configuration we use a Bi-directional inverter which has two functions * It can charge battery bank when excess energy is available from diesel generator (rectifier operation). * DC/AC converter (inverter operation). The bi directional inverter can also provide â€Å"peak shaving† which is defined as â€Å"the ability of parallel hybrid energy systems to supply load that exceed the power rating of the engine driven generator of the inverter from combine sources as part of the control strategy when the engine driven generator is overloaded †[19] Parallel configuration hybrid systems have also merits and demerits over other systems, like Merits * The efficiency of diesel generator could be maximized. * The maintenance of diesel generator could be minimized. * The system load could be fulfilled by optional ways. Demerits * It should be controlled by automatic control unit in order to make the operation of the system more reliable. * Operation of the system is much complex for untrained users 2.6 Power conditioning In PV diesel hybrid energy systems three types of conversion devices are used to control and conditioning of power flow. They are battery charge regulator, inverter and a rectifier. The rectifier or battery charger is included in the system to convert AC power generated by diesel generator to DC voltage. This is done to recharge the battery bank. Series type hybrid systems have always low efficiency because they use two conversions AC/DC and DC/AC. If we assume that both efficiencies of rectification and subsequent inversion of DC voltage are very high, lets say 90%, it will result a loss of 19% of total power gained in these conversions. This is the reason why parallel and switched cond systems have always more overall system efficiency. In hybrid energy system operation, usually the generator operates at 80% of its rated capacity. In switched or parallel cond energy systems AC power is supplied directly from diesel generator but the excess power which is more than the required load is used to recharge battery bank. This supply of power to battery bank is according to a defined battery charge strategy which takes the battery to high state of charge. In some modern parallel hybrid systems, a bi directional inverter unit is used. This bi directional inverter unit consists of solar controller, i